"Ce qui barre la route fait faire du chemin" (Jean de La Bruyère - 'Les Caractères')

jeudi 13 janvier 2011

Toujours occupé par l'Occupation



L’Occupation ne cesse de m’occuper.

Devrais-je tant m’en soucier en étant né en France huit ans après la fuite du dernier soldat du IIIème Reich ?

J’ai déjà évoqué ici cette obsession bizarre (cliquez sur ce lien pour lire mes précédentes réflexions).

Oui, ces quatre années traversées par la France me semblent marquantes, infiniment plus que beaucoup d’autres. Je crois, en vérité, que notre pays ne s’est jamais remise de cette épreuve, en dépit des grandiloquences gaullistes.

L’Occupation surgit encore avec la publication cette semaine du nouveau livre d’Alexandre Jardin («Des gens très bien» - Grasset).

Alexandre Jardin, romancier à succès, raconte une nouvelle fois à sa manière le parcours de son grand-père, Jean Jardin, mort en 1976. Jean Jardin fut le directeur de cabinet de Pierre Laval d’avril 1942 à octobre 1943.

Alexandre Jardin avait déjà exploré ce sujet dans un précédent ouvrage : «Le roman des Jardin» (Grasset – 2005).

Pascal Jardin, père d’Alexandre, avait de son côté brossé le portrait de son propre père, Jean, dans «Le Nain Jaune» (Julliard – 1978).

La personnalité de Jean Jardin avait aussi été dépeinte dans un autre livre, signé par Pierre Assouline, grand connaisseur de cette période (« Une éminence grise» Gallimard -1986).

Bref, voilà un Jardin qui a été ratissé à fond : quatre livres sur un personnage au demeurant secondaire du régime de Vichy.

J’ai lu tous les livres mentionnés, sauf le dernier publié récemment sous la signature d’Alexandre Jardin. Mais je vais m’y employer bientôt.

Ce livre «Des gens très bien» provoque une grande indignation dans la famille Jardin, notamment auprès de l’oncle Gabriel et du cousin Stéphane qui accusent Alexandre de noircir le portrait du grand-père en le présentant comme un collaborateur actif du nazisme (rafle du Vel d’Hiv, etc.), alors qu’il n’aurait été, selon l’oncle et le cousin, qu’un simple exécutant du pétainisme, ce qui n’est pas comparable.

Cette période, indéniablement, reste propice aux controverses, aux rancœurs et parfois à la haine. C’est pour cela que l’Occupation m’intéresse.

Ce tropisme inexpliqué, je l’ai entretenu en lisant un gros bouquin écrit par Dan Franck : «Minuit» (Grasset – 2010).


Dan Franck est connu comme un romancier populaire et impétueux. Avec Jean Vautrin, il a également cosigné de nombreuses sagas virevoltantes.

Dans sa fresque «Minuit», Dan Franck s’est concentré sur le rôle joué par les artistes, les écrivains, les éditeurs, les cinéastes et les acteurs pendant l’Occupation.

On croise dans ce livre de nombreux personnages : Pablo Picasso, Jean-Paul Sartre et Simone de Beauvoir, Jean Cocteau et Jean Marais, Louis Aragon et Elsa Triolet, René Char, André Malraux, Jacques Prévert, Mouloudji adolescent, Albert Camus, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, Max Jacob, Sacha Guitry, Paul Claudel, Jean Paulhan, Robert Brasillach, Pierre Drieu La Rochelle, Louis-Ferdinand Céline, pour ne citer que quelques noms.

Le livre de Dan Franck fourmille d’anecdotes pour nous raconter le comportement des uns et des autres : vrais collabos, observateurs dociles, résistants de la première ou de la dernière heure.

Cette description fortement documentée m’a renforcé dans l’impression que rien n’était simple et tranché à cette époque. Certains collabos notoires ont aidé des Juifs et des résistants. Et de grands intellectuels, aujourd’hui vénérés, ont préféré le Café de Flore au maquis.

C’est ce flou qui m’interroge et, d’une certaine façon, me fascine toujours. En 1940 et même en 1942, personne ne connaissait la fin de ce sombre film : Hitler se suicidant dans son bunker à Berlin. Il est facile, avec plus de 60 ans de recul, de lancer des anathèmes.

Oui, Malraux, le combattant antifranquiste de la guerre d’Espagne, paisiblement planqué dans le Midi comme beaucoup d’autres, a attendu la dernière minute pour s’engager dans la lutte contre le nazisme.

Oui, Drieu et Brasillach, deux talents indéniables, se sont lourdement trompés. On peut le dire à présent. Mais aurions-nous fait nécessairement le bon choix à leur place ?

Ce sont ces questions que soulève le livre de Dan Franck, récit palpitant et enlevé, écrit sur un ton détaché, comme il se doit.

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